European Conference Knowledge Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The European Conference Knowledge Management? Answer: Introducation Knowledge may be defined as the insight into someone or something like information, facts, skills or description that can be gained by education or experience, by discovery, study or perception. It may involve a practical or theoretical understanding of any particular subject. Knowledge may be both implicit and explicit. Implicit knowledge refers to the expertise or practical understanding of a matter while the explicit knowledge deals with the theoretical comprehension of the concerned subject. The essay concentrates on defining knowledge from the philosophical point of view. It throws light on the tripartite definition of knowledge. The following essay mainly focuses on propositional knowledge. This essay also looks into the variations and counter-examples of propositional knowledge and tries to explain them as well. According to the famous philosopher Plato, knowledge may be defined as any belief that is true and justified (Sisson Ryan, 2015, September). The study of knowledge is known as epistemology. Knowledge is something that can be acquired and that can be acquainted with. Knowledge maybe derived from a variety of sources. These sources can be broadly categorized into perception, inference, testimony and similarity. Knowledge maybe acquired from the mentioned sources but knowledge does not depend only on these sources. Epistemology includes a person`s belief and what a person believes. Thus, the idea of truth and beliefs incorporated in the concept of knowledge (Pritchard, 2013). Knowledge, according to many philosophers, may be defined as justified true belief. It holds the view that for a to know s there must exist an entity s; a should believe in s and the belief of a should be justified. This definition of knowledge is also known as the tripartite definition of knowledge. This definition of knowledge defines propositional knowledge but not knowledge gathered by virtue of acquaintance. There are philosophers like Edmund Gettier who put forward the theory that the tripartite definition is insufficient (Gettier, 2007). He further argues that the concerned observer may be unaware of the fact that all the clauses of the tripartite are fulfilled. The word knowledge can be defined in various ways in the English language (Granzon Josefson, 2012). Firstly, knowledge may be defined as that of individuals. The individual knowledge may be defined as knowledge based on acquaintance. The knowledge mentioned may refer to a persons possession of knowledge about any person, place other things. Secondly, any knowledge of a fact about any person, place or thing may also be termed as knowledge. In this type of knowledge, a person claims his knowledge of a fact about someone or something. Thus, this is categorized as factual knowledge. Factual knowledge may also be referred to as propositional knowledge. In this type of knowledge, it is not necessary to know the fact and the person or thing that it is attached to in attachment to each other. The facts may be known separately as well. In some languages of the world, it is noticeable that there exists separate vocabulary for knowledge based on acquaintance and knowledge based on facts. Knowl edge can be classified in yet another way. Under this categorization, knowledge is classified on the basis of skills. A proposition may be defined as a statement that can have two values, true and false. The propositions are always found occurring at the end of sentences. Knowledge may be analyzed through the philosophical skill of conceptual analysis. Conceptual analysis aims to achieve a clearer and better understanding of a concept by making an attempt to analyze the situations under which the idea applies. There are three different steps that follow each other in the similar order with the goal of attaining a counter-example free definition of the same. Philosophical readings do not always give such clear results, but nevertheless provides with a deeper understanding of the concept that is being analyzed. The first step towards conceptual analysis is the use of intuitive knowledge towards the method of application of a concept. It refers to the capacity of the concerned person to put forward a primary definition of the concept. The next step of the process is to look for counter-examples if any. The third and final step involves re-evaluation of the primary definition so as to avoid the counter-examples that were encountered. Philosophical statements and analyses are generally based on sufficient and necessary conditions. The sufficient conditions are those that guarantee that a conclusion would be reached on fulfilling the given conditions. The necessary conditions provided rule out the other alternatives and state that to attain the desired results even those have to be fulfilled. In the language of philosophy, these are known as if and only if conditions (Ayer, 1956). In order to arrive at the primary definition, a concept must clear the sufficient and necessary conditions. It may be said that something is a if and only if p. in this example, p is both the sufficient and the necessary condition. On further simplification of the definition it may be said that to be identified as a the condition p should be fulfilled. Knowledge, according to philosophy, can be derived from belief and certainty. The definition of knowledge as justified true belief put forward certain conditions. It advocates that In simpler words, it may be said that in order to know something, the topic of knowledge has to be true. The person in possession of the knowledge has to consider it to be true. It has to have reasons enough to support the consideration that it is true. Knowledge can be claimed on a certain topic only when all the constraints discussed above are met. This theory is most of the times conveyed through the declaration that knowledge is justified true belief. Some philosophers suggest that there should be a constraint in the definition of knowledge that deems it eligible to be used in the process of acquiring further knowledge (Grobler, 2012). In a paper published in 1963, Edmund Gettier, an American philosopher, had raised a few serious issues regarding this theory of knowledge. In his paper, Gettier had provided with counter-examples to this theory that were deemed crucial for his argument to become successful. The eminent American philosopher argues that it is possible for a person to justifiably believe in a proposition that is, in reality, false. He furthermore states a may be justified in his belief p; p needs q; a deduces q from p and trust q too be the result of the mentioned deduction (Gettier, 2007; Janvid, 2012). Thus a is justifiable in believing q. Gettier opens his paper addressing the issue that a belief that seems justified and true is false in reality. His suggestions may lead to the belief that the early humans were logical and justified in their belief that the earth is flat and not spherical or the very existence of Santa Claus. It is found to be extremely logical on the part of the ancestors of modern human beings to believe that the surface of the earth is flat. This is so because they never found evidence of any fact that proved otherwise. Similarly, in the case of the existence of Santa Claus, children have justification enough to believe that the person exists because of lack of reason for doubting parents. Gettier puts forward another assumption against the theory in discussion. According to him, knowledge can be derived from inference drawn from a true belief that is justified (Williamson, 2015). In this case, the justification is inherited from the fact that the inference was taken from a justified belief. In this context, Gettier puts forward certain case studies to highlight the assumptions (Cohen Comesaa, 2013). One such case study is referred to as The Strange Case of Smith and Jones. In this case is found that Smith is told by the appointment head that Jones is sure to get hired for a job and Smith while waiting for the interview observes Jones counting ten coins. While waiting for the interview results, Smith goes on to further logical deductions and comes to a realization that it entails that the person to be hired possesses ten coins. While Smith is busy in logical deductions, Smith reveals some snippets of his interview which helps Smith deduce that Smith, and not Jones is to be hired. So, it is seen that the earlier proposition that Jones would be hired turned out to be false. At times, it may be seen that knowledge at times may be faulty if inferred from a non-reliable source. Gettier suggests the addition of another condition in the analysis of knowledge (Austin, 2012). This condition states that the belief should not be arriving from any inferential process that may involve a false belief. It may be seen that there is a non-inferential source of knowledge that shows that the gained knowledge through sight may not always be true (Williamson, 2015). Knowledge is memory-based which implies that a person should remember a fact learnt at a certain time should remember and acknowledge the same thereafter. Knowledge may be acquired through perception, memory or a combination of the two. Inference is yet another source of knowledge; it can be obtained through various methods like mirroring and reconstruction of previously known facts (Goldman, 1967). Thus, from the discussion above, it may be concluded that knowledge may be defined on a variety of viewpoints. Many philosophical theories and beliefs define knowledge based on the source of the knowledge as well as the justifiability of the same. The tripartite theory of knowledge may hold good for certain cases of knowledge but not for all the cases. The theories and assumptions put forth by Gettier should also be kept in mind while attempting a definition of knowledge. Knowledge is also affected by inference from multiple cases, presence of subsequent evidence and perpetually formed beliefs. According to philosophers, defeasibility of knowledge and disconnection of the cause and truth-maker also influence knowledge. References Austin, D. S. (Ed.). (2012).Philosophical analysis: a defense by example(Vol. 39). Springer Science Business Media. Ayer, A. J., Mari?, S. (1956).The problem of knowledge(pp. 173-175). Harmondsworth: Penguin books. Cohen, S., Comesaa, J. (2013). Williamson on Gettier cases and epistemic logic.Inquiry,56(1), 15-29. Dancy, J. (1985).Contemporary Epistemology. Oxford. Gettier, E. (2007). Is justified true belief knowledge?. Goldman, A. I. (1967). A causal theory of knowing.The journal of Philosophy,64(12), 357-372. Granzon, B., Josefson, I. (Eds.). (2012).Knowledge, skill and artificial intelligence. Springer Science Business Media. Grobler, A. (2012). Fifth part of the definition of knowledge.Philosophica,86, 33-50. Janvid, M. (2012). Knowledge versus understanding: the cost of avoiding Gettier.Acta Analytica,27(2), 183-197. Lacewing, M. (2015). The tripartite definition of knowledge.An Online Journal taken from www. olevelphilosophy. co. uk. Pritchard, D. (2013).What is this thing called knowledge?. Routledge. Sisson, P., Ryan, J. (2015, September). What do we Know? Building a Knowledge Concept map. InEuropean Conference on Knowledge Management(p. 1028). Academic Conferences International Limited.Ayer, A. (1956).The problem of knowledge. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. Williamson, T. (2015). A note on Gettier cases in epistemic logic.Philosophical Studies,172(1), 129-140.

Ban of medical marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita Essay Example

Ban of medical marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita Essay Example Ban of medical marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita Paper Ban of medical marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita Paper Under 1995 Compassionate Act, it is legal to use, posses, and cultivate medical Marijuana in Santa Clarita. Acquiring, and possessing medical Marijuana is quite easier than any prescribed drug with a doctors presciption. According to the Act, patients are allowed to purchase Marijuana in medical dispensaries, or on the streets provided they have a doctors recommendation, and if they are California residents (Signal). This is usually proved by producing an identity card and a doctors prescription. This is usually used to ensure Marijuana is used, and cultivated for medical purpose, rather than recreational. In many California cities, use of Marijuana is illegal, but in Santa Clarita, it is not a crime to use and cultivate Marijuana as long as the law terms and conditions are applied. Possessing up to twenty eight and half grams of Marijuana is considered as an unarrestable offense, especially if the individual produces sufficient proof to be a resident, and agrees to appear before the court. After conviction for possessing such amounts, a fine of $ 100 is charge, but possessing greater amounts of Marijuana, the offense is considered punishable, and the offender is sentenced in jail for six months, and are charged a fine of $ 500 (MPP). In Santa Clarita, Marijuana is usually found anywhere, especially on sierra highway condos. It is common and popular such that every body between the age of fifteen and twenty five, regardless of color or race. Marijuana has various blends and categories in the city. Among all, medical bud is considered to have greater medical benefit, a factor that makes its price to be higher than others. Marijuana dispensaries in Santa Clarita are legalized by the States government, to supply medical Marijuana to all people who prove to be California residents, and who have doctors recommendation bas a prove of their illness. With these prove, individuals are allowed to cultivate the recommended amount of Marijuana and to use it at home without being arrested. The law protects doctor recommendation to Marijuana users under condition they use the recommended amounts of Marijuana without exceeding the dose. They are expected to use it solely without selling it to other people (MoI). Reports of various tests and experiments show that marijuana can be used to treat illnesses, and disorders such as; post traumatic stress disorder, severe anxiety, arthritis, migraine,glaucoma anorexia as a result of chemotherapy, HIV/ AIDS among others. However, in Santa Clarita, many people use Marijuana for other purposes other than medical. Not all people who use, posses or cultivate Marijuana are sick. Although they usually produce doctors recommendation to escape arrest, the recommendations are either fake or invalid the substance for recreation purposes, and use doctors recommendation as a shield to cover them up against arrest, conviction and charges (Indalecio 70). This has increased the use, possession and cultivation of Marijuana in Santa Clarita, as it is hard to tell who is using it for medical purpose, and for pleasure. Although Marijuana has medical value, its negative effects outweighs the benefits. This has caused conflict and arguments between Federal and State law in Santa Clarita. The Federal law is against the use, possession and cultivation of Marijuana; considering the substance to have many harmful effects to the users, people in the society, and the environment. States law Considers use of Marijuana to have medical benefits (Jan 42). The city council of Santa Clarita, has voted to ban medical Marijuana dispensaries, against the States law. Arguments on the ban of Medical Marijuana Dispensaries. The Federal law, and its supporters such as the city council of Santa Clarita, argues that majority of of Marijuana users are actually sick, and their health does not require Marijuana, and since they need Marijuana for recreational purposes, they decide to get a doctors recommendation to be able to freely access and use the substance without being arrested, convicted, or being fined. They get Marijuana from legalized Medical Marijuana dispensaries (DrugSense FOCUS Alert). The presciption they use as evidence to doctors recommendation are usually invalid. The users make a deal with doctors who recommend use of Marijuana at a pay. In this case, doctors make many false recommendation in order to get high amounts without considering the harm they are subjecting these individuals to. Medical Marijuana dispensaries end up selling Marijuana to wrong people without knowing that the recommendation is invalid. People study the literature on medicinal uses of Marijuana. They get the knowledge and information about the conditions, and symptoms the substance can treat. With the knowledge, people fake condition that would require prescription of Marijuana. Some of these conditions and illnesses, such as pain cannot be tested in a laboratory, so it becomes hard for doctors to determine the actual health status of the patient. They rely on the information provided by the patients, and which in most cases can not be evidenced. Doctors end up using the clinical signs and symptoms to prescribe Marijuana; the persons interest. Once the doctor has recommended use of Marijuana, the Medical Marijuana dispensaries dispense it without knowing the actual health status and requirement of the of the Marijuana to the user (Weedguru). The fact that Marijuana is common, popular, and allowed to be sold to recommended user at any place makes many people to participate in illegal trade at anyplace. These supplies are located near schools and parks. Easy access motivates young children to use substance, while still at school limiting their concentration and participation school. The process of buying and selling of Marijuana near schools and parks is usually distracting. If the medical Marijuana dispensaries can be banned, supply and use of Marijuana can be reduced, as there would be no legalized suppliers, since many people use the legalized medical Marijuana dispensaries to purchase Marijuana for recreational purposes. Medical Marijuana dispensaries, have influence on crimes. In Santa Clarita, crimes such as robberies, burglaries and sale of illegal drugs, especially outside Marijuana dispensary, are related to Marijuana (Zachariah 408). Medical Marijuana, especially the bud is usually sold at higher cost than the others. The crimes are committed either to earn money to purchase and maintain a consistence access of Marijuana, or by users through the influence of Marijuana. The crimes are increased in urban areas where the medical dispensaries are located. The City Council of Santa Clarita consider having the Marijuana dispensaries banned to reduce the number of crimes. In Santa Clarita, medical Marijuana is legalized but the dispensing Marijuana is against the Federal law (Shohov 121). A ban on legalized Medical Marijuana dispensary would mean destroying the back up of illegal dispensing, and a subsequent collapse. This is likely to reduce the use of Marijuana in Santa Clarita. Marijuana has THC as its active ingredient. Doctors recommend Marijuana as a source of this medically beneficial ingredient, which is believed to relieve and manage pain. Many users argue that banning Medical Marijuana dispensaries will limit the access of this beneficial ingredient of Marijuana , and patients will be be suffering prolonged pain (Brust 140). This argument is not sufficient to oppose the proposed ban of the dispensaries in Santa Clarita, since there are other medicines which are presented in form of pills and injectable which can be used to relieve and manage pain, rather than smoking Marijuana. The pills and injectables can be purchased from pharmacies, and medical facilities meaning that even after the ban of medical Marijuana dispensaries, patients can have pain managed by the other medicines from the pharmacies (Earleywine 148). Although Marijuana manages pain, there are other better, safer, and effective medicines which have negative side effects. Marijuana as medicine, has many negative effects to the user, other people and the environment. Its side effects to the user outweighs its benefits. Tests reports show that pot smoking destroys the respiratory organs, brain, heart, lungs and suppresses the immune system. Reports have associated Marijuana with chronic intractable illnesses especially to the habitual users (Alison and Joy 26). The smoke produced by Marijuana is a toxic pollutant. Studies show that the smoke has about two thousand chemicals which occur in a mix that cannot be be measured, predicted and deter ming their stability is hard. This means that those who use Marijuana are at risk of disorders and illnesses caused by the chemicals in the smoke. The smoke also posses problem to neighbors, since the smoke is emitted to the atmosphere (Alicia 1077). Neighbors of smokers inhale the contaminated atmospheric oxygen, and gets effects similar to the smoker. Although non-smokers suffer the harm without knowing, even with the knowledge, there is nothing they can do to save the situation, but if medical Marijuana dispensaries can be banned, the supply of Marijuana can be limited securing their health. Legalizing medical Marijuana is likely to pave way for legalizing other harmful illegal substances. Since there are other illegal substances containing beneficial medical ingredient, the medical Marijuana dispensaries are likely to dispense other harmful substances claimed to have medical benefits (Gieringer 42). A ban of the existing medical marijuana dispensaries will give a sigh of relief since the probability using other harmful substances will be low. Marijuana has both physical and psychological effects, such as loss of short-term memory, and respiratory related illnesses. Although Marijuana has medicinal ingredients, the medicine can only be taken through smoking, a factor that predisposes the user to illnesses related to smoking. For example, smoking Marijuana is likely to relieve pain, but it increases chances of lung cancer, as the smoke is carcinogenic. Marijuana influences its users to a continuous use. When an individual starts using Marijuana it causes a continuous need making the user to continually use it. Studies show that when Marijuana is used continuously chances of losing motivation in many areas in life increases. Users are likely to be trapped, and its negative influence on users motivation has showed poor performance of the users in their career, studies and other day to day activities. Habitual users of Marijuana have a tendency of forgetting thing after a very short time (Schrag 135). They forget very vital things which causes problems to their health, life, and other peoples in the society. For example, a n habitual user of Marijuana is likely to forget medical appointments causing inconsistence in their treatments. When driving they are likely to forget they are sharing road with other drivers and vehicles, causing accidents. They are likely to lack motivation to attend business meeting, where they are expected to represent their Company, a factor that can make their employers to punish them, or even fire them. People need to perform various duties in their life, and need to be responsible as long as they live with others in the society. People need to work to earn income for effective living, and need to attend medical appointments in a consistence manner to ensure that treatment is effective (Boire and Kevin 171). Since many people take Marijuana as medicine to the illnesses they need to follow appointments for effective treatment and recovery. If a patient can forget an appointment as a result of smoking Marijuana a medicine,then it means that the medicine does the patient more harm than good because the more Marijuana is taken to treat the more the loss of memory a greater problem. Use of Marijuana as a medicine need to be stopped, and be substituted with more effective medicines which reduces the patients illness, rather than adding more serious conditions. This can only be achieved by banning medical Marijuana dispensaries to cut the supply of Marijuana. Studies show that Marijuana impairs mental dexterity and visual skills. This has causes many problems and deaths in Santa Clarita. For example, users of Marijuana are not restricted from driving and riding (Cole 8). What happens is they use Marijuana and drive, or operate other machines. This causes many accidents and injuries in the city. Literature shows that use of Marijuana leads to systemic hypertension and can impair peripheral vasomotor, reflexes and nerves. It influences blood flow to the central nervous system, and limits the auto regulation of cerebral vascular Habitual users have show to be at a risk of stroke as a result of poor blood circulation in the central nervous system. Analysis made on the respiratory system of habitual users of Marijuana shows that Marijuana smoke deposits large amounts of tar in the lungs and the bronchioles. When smoked, the smokers hold s the smoke for some time. Similar studies show that the users of Marijuana have an increased mortality rate and a decreased life expectancy (Crotty 177). This is a threat to Santa Clarita, since the city is under crime, health and financial crisis as a result of increased use of Marijuana. Summary Analysis of the medical benefits of Marijuana particularly in Santa Clarita, it is clear that it has more harm to the users and the society at large. Smoking Marijuana influences the criminal behavior in the city, causes physical and psychological harm to users and their neighbors, increases death and mortality rate, and retards the economic development of the city. This shows that it is better to prohibit the use of Marijuana, and substitute it with other medicines which can effectively treat similar conditions and illnesses with little side effects to the user, and the entire society. This explains the reason why the City Council of Santa Clarita, and the Federal Law vote for ban of medical Marijuana dispensary. References: Boire, Richard and Kevin, Feeney. Medical Marijuana Law. New York: Ronin, 2007. Brust, JCM. Neurological aspects of Marijuana abuse. Boston:Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993. Cole, Spencer. New research on street drugs. Boston: Nova, 2006. Crotty, William. Americas choice 2000. New York: Westview,2001. DrugSense FOCUS Alert. Medicinal marijuana a mine field March 29, 2001. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel. May 15, 2008 mapinc. org/alert/0201. html Earleywine,Mitchell. Marijuana and the costs of prohibition. New York: Oxford University,2006. Gieringer,Dale. Medical use of Cannabis in California. California: Haworth , 2002. Indalecio, Lozano. Therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa. Cannabis Therapeutics 1. 1 (2001): 68-70 Institute of medicine. Marijuana as Medicine? : Science beyond Controversy. 2000. NAS. May 15, 2008 http://books. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=9586page=38 Jan, Ziegler. Medical use of Marijuana. Hospitals and health networks 71. 12 (1997):40-45 Marijuana Policy Project. California and National organization for reform of Marijuana Laws. 2007. CANORML. org and NORML. com. May 15, 2008 webehigh. com/city/detail. php? CITYID=2335 Schrag, Peter. California: Americas High-stakes Experiment. California: University of California, 2008. Shohov, Tatiana. Medical use of Marijuana. Boston: Nova, 2003. Signal. Santa Clarita should leave the weed to the West side. Apr. 23, 2006. Signal Newspapers Opinion. May 15, 2008 http://forums. cannabisculture. com/forums/ubbthreads. php? ubb=showflatNumber=1164228 Weedguru. Negative medical effects. May 15,2007. Weedguru. com. May 15, 2008 weedguru. com/agamed. ph Zachariah SB. Stroke after heavy marijuana smoking. Stroke. 22 (1991): 408.

Hdf 211 Essay Example

Hdf 211 Essay Example Hdf 211 Essay Hdf 211 Essay What are the (four) goals of science/theories? How do each of these goals contribute to our knowledge in reference to human development? What do continuous/discontinuous and quantitative/qualitative changes in development refer to and how do these two terms differ from one another? What are the three domains of development and what does each refer to? What is the nature-nurture debate about? What would someone believe if they argued that nature (or nurture) were more important influences on development? What are the key principles of the (Baltes’) lifespan approach? What does each of these principles mean? 2. What is imprinting? What are critical and sensitive periods (what was the point of the video clip! )? What does the terms plasticity mean in reference to development? What is the difference between normative and nonnormative influences on development and what is an example of each? Be able to define normative age-graded and normative history-graded influences. What is a cohort and how could cohort effects influence development? 3. What do genotype-environment interactions suggest? What are passive, evocative, and active genotype-environment interactions (these are also listed on pp. 2-73 in the text)? Why might active genotype-environment interactions become more common during adolescence than during early childhood? Why might siblings raised in the same family be different? What is an example of a non-shared environment? 4. What is a theory? On what fundamental issues to most theories differ (three were mentioned in class)? Who were the ma in theorists (what were their names) behind each major theory presented in class and the text? Be sure to know the main ideas associated with each theory and be able to name stages, but not necessarily the details of Erikson at this point, we get at those throughout. Be able to recognize the stages of Freud and Piaget. What is the information processing approach and what is the key concern of this theory? What is developmental cognitive neuroscience? What are ethology and evolutionary psychology (the text call this evolutionary developmental psychology)? What is the difference between behaviorism and social learning theories? You may skip Vygotsky (not on the test). And you should know each of the levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory and how this theory is usually applied. 5. What is the difference between an idiographic and a nomothetic explanation? How does sampling relate to the generalizability (our ability to generalize results) or research results? What are the common research methods presented in your text? What are the basic research designs? What do correlational studies tell us? What kind of research design is necessary for researchers to draw conclusions regarding cause and effect? What is random assignment and what role does it play in experimental research designs? What is the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each versus each other? Chapter 3 4 1. What are the stages of childbirth and what happens during each stage? Under what conditions are cesarean deliveries typically performed? What is the average length and weight of a newborn? What is the Apgar scale? What is considered a â€Å"good† score for these scales? What are the typical activities that women participate in who want to have a natural childbirth? What is an epidural analgesia and when is it used? How does it work? What are the concerns about negative outcomes for the newborn when mother’s have an epidural? 2. What is the definition of for referring to a baby as â€Å"premature†? How many US babies are born underweight? What factors are related to an increased likelihood of a woman having a low birth weight baby? What concerns are there for the health and development of low birth weight babies? What treatments are used to reduce problems for these babies? 3. What is the infant mortality rate in the U. S.? How does this rate compare to other countries? What factors increase the likelihood of infant mortality? What does SIDS refer to? What should new parents know (or do) to reduce the odds of SIDS? 4. What are the health advantages of breastfeeding (both dietary and generally)? What might some social or emotional advantages be? What are the main advantages to bottle-feeding? What are some reasons why mothers do not breastfeed? What role does maternal employment play in breastfeeding duration? Is co-sleeping with infants more common in the U. S. or other countries? What are some concerns about co-sleeping? Why are these concerns less of an issue in developing countries? 5. What are the typical primitive reflexes that are present in newborns? What are postural and locomotor reflexes? What are the rooting, tonic neck, palmar grasp, stepping, and moro reflex? What is the point of babies being born with these reflexes? 6. What are some typical neurophysiological methods to sudy brain functioning? What is lateralization in the brain? What is the cerebral cortex? What are the functions of the left and right hemispheres in the brain? What are neurons, synapse, synaptic pruning, and neurotransmitters? What is the process of myelination? 7. What is classical conditioning? What is operant conditioning? What is habituation and recovery? How is habituation used to study infant memory and knowledge? 8. At what age can most infants support their own heads? Sit alone? Stand alone? Walk alone? Crawl? Grasp a large object (like a rattle) using ulnar grasp? Pass an object from hand to hand? Use the pincer grasp to hold small objects the size of a cheerio or a pea? How many hours on average per day will a neonate sleep (from notes or add the two from chart in the text)? What are the differences in infant smiling at ages 1 month, 4-6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 to 8 months? Chapter 5 1. Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development corresponds to infancy? How do babies think during this stage? What are primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions? What do the terms adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation refer to? What is organization? What are mental representations? What is object permanence and how is it related to Piaget’s theory? What does more recent research suggest about Piaget’s ideas regarding children’s development of object permanence? What does research on violation-of-expectations suggest about infants abilities to think and reason? 2. What approach does the behaviorist approach take towards understanding how babies learn and remember? What are operant conditioning and classical conditioning? note I discuss these in class during Ch. 5, they appear in Ch. 4 of the text) 3. According to the information processing approach (p. 161) what are the major advances in cognition in early development? What are working, short-term, and long-term memory? What is the central execituve? What are the key changes in attention, memory and categorization? 4. How can early interventions (Carolina Abcedarian Project, Head Start) benefit cognitive devevelopment in early childhood? What percentage of mothers with children under the age of 2 work outside of the home? . How do the behaviorist and nativist perspectives on language development differ? At what age do children say their first word? What are the characteristics of early speech? What are overextension and underextension of words/meanings? What evidence regarding nativist perspective on language development did the video on deaf children in Nicaragua provide? When do infants start imitating language sounds? When do babies learn language sounds in their parents’ native language? According to the video in class, at what age can babies learn to sign?

Strategic Sourcing and E-Procurement currently is at King Faisal Essay

Strategic Sourcing and E-Procurement currently is at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center - Essay Example Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the application of sourcing and procurement management strategy in Boeing Company. The choice of Boeing is based on its strategic position in the aircraft manufacturing sector and the series of problems it faces of late. Using, appropriate theoretical framework, deduced from the work of previous researchers, the company was diagnosed, and the supply chain and suppliers relationship mapped out. Porters value chain framework also help us develop some feedback and the way forward where some value drivers, core competences and competitive advantage were identified. Our recommendation is for KFSHRC to have suppliers dotted all over the areas and the need to link them through a common data base was emphasized. The report of calls on top management to successfully adjust Porters value chain to suit its need. Our recommendation is for customers and suppliers to be effectively integrated into the value chain, where consumers become Pro-sumers and suppliers are turned into consumers. The existing relationship with partners, suppliers, and customers should be turned in to a long term collaboration relationship. KFSHRC should integrate its logistics, procurement, operations, and marketing functions with other supply chain members so that materials, information, component parts, and finished product flow seamlessly from point of origin to final customer at low unit cost and at high levels of service (Christopher 1992). 1.0 Introduction Sourcing and e-procurement is a strategic tool employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time in order to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements ( Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). In the 90s, Sourcing and e-procurement gained momentum and received due attention from practitioners and researchers. It has become present day managerial competitive weapon for improving performance (Ramsay 2000). To minimize wastages and meet up with customers demand. Today, to reduced lead time, goods must be stored in a warehouse at the right quantity and within the right time. Customers and suppliers are important stakeholders. "Stakeholders are those individual or groups who depend on the organisation to fulfill their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organisation depends" (Johnson

Theories of job design, the motivation to work and organizational Essay

Theories of job design, the motivation to work and organizational commitment - Essay Example Theories of Job Design have led a lot of organizations in the management of their personnel. The dominant perspective in the Job Design theory is the Job characteristics model offered by Hackman and Oldham (1976) which identifies five job characteristics that influence the motivation of the job-holder which has an effect on his or her job performance and well being. These characteristics are: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback. In sum, the Job Characteristics Model identifies the three psychological states of employees affected by the job characteristics namely: knowledge of results, meaningfulness of work and personal feelings of responsibility for results. Increases in these psychological states result in increased motivation, performance and job satisfaction (Hackman and Oldham, 1976). The Job design theory has its applications in the workplace in various forms. One is job rotation, characterized by periodic shifting of a worker from one task to another. Being exposed to a variety of tasks leads to an increase in skill variety. One example is the practice implemented by Pepsi-Cola Company, and known as the best leadership-development program. The company regularly assessed future leaders with its standardized â€Å"Pepsi Success Factors†.

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Health Promotion is the process of motivating people and empowering communities to adapt lifestyle and behavioural changes to improve their health. This process involves various interventions to reach individuals, high-risk groups, communities, health sectors and law makers to engage in adapting behaviours relative to improved health and wellness. Disease Prevention concentrates on ways or strategies to lessen the risk of growing continual illnesses and other incidence of morbidities. It consists of different levels of prevention that involves measures to eradicate diseases, diagnose diseases, learn the causal factors and signs to look after, treatment, rehabilitation and reduction of disability to live a normal lifestyle as possible. Health promotion and disease prevention addresses different health determinants (personal, social, environmental, economic factors) that affect health status which changes manageable risk behaviours. There are different approaches for health promotion that aims to improve health by bringing change in an individuals health perspective and that of the community. These are: 1) Medical, 2) Lifestyle Behavioural, 3) Social/Political 4) Environmental, 5) Educational Empowerment. An attempt to change health perspective amongst individual is by communicating messages that is relevant to them. For a positive change to arise, people should understand why an area of concern is significant and that the practices different from their current ones need to be pursued. I. Initiatives for Disease Prevention (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Prevention) Primary Prevention It focuses on preventing the onset of the diseases. That means minimizing exposure to hazards and increase immunity/resistance to diseases that can affect an individuals health. Of all the disease prevention levels, primary prevention targets larger populations. Example: Health campaigns, encouraging children with regular tooth brushing to avoid tooth decay, improving physical activities, mass media campaigns. Increasing knowledge through education. Promote lifestyle changes. Mandating health policies (use of personal protective equipment, no smoking, liquor ban). Immunization programs. Health programs for high-risk groups (Maori, youth, children under five years, non-immune migrants). Handwashing to avoid contamination. Secondary Prevention/Early Detection It aims to detect diseases before any manifestations and early treatment to control the progress of the disease. Hence, reduce complications and preventing relapse. Interventions include early diagnosis through screening and teaching people early signs of disease and what symptoms to watch for. Example: Regular GP visits, routine blood sugar monitoring, screening tests (Pap Smear, Newborn Screening, HIV, Blood tests, Colonoscopy, Mammography), chemoprophylaxis to prevent infection (administering antibiotics) Tertiary Prevention It is concerned on rehabilitation and reduce disability for re/irreversible conditions and late stage diseases. The goal of tertiary prevention is to improve a persons quality of life, providing comfort, and reduce suffering. Example: Physical therapy, Cardiac rehabilitation following heart surgery (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG), stroke rehabilitation, follow-up examinations to identify metastasis, support groups, hospice care, palliative care. Continuous research for better treatment. II. Initiatives for Health Promotion Approaches (Medical, Lifestyle Behavioural, Social/Political, Environmental, Educational Empowerment) Lifestyle Behavioural Approach It aims to influence high risk people of developing sedentary lifestyle to adapt healthy lifestyle to improve health. This approach implies that each individual is responsible for their health. Example: Health promotions about proper nutrition, adequate rest, increase physical activity. Smoking and substance cessation programs. Mass media campaigns. Community centres providing various physical activity programs open to locals Educational Empowerment Approach It provides people thorough information and hones their decision making skills to choose healthy living. With greater understanding of importance of health comes change in attitude followed by a change in behavior. Example: Providing education material of cause and effects of health behaviours, counseling, group discussions, health related videos, health promotion in school setting Social/Political Approach It targets group of people or community rather than individuals. It requires support from the policy makers to formulate and implement policies to promote health. The commitment of the government to promote health policies will engage the people in the implementation of the said policies. Example: No smoking policy in public areas, within school, hospital, and work premises. Increasing tax on cigarettes/tobacco and alcoholic beverages. Anti-smoking media advertisements. Designate areas where cigarettes can be sold and a policy against sales to minors. Government subsidies on Nicotine Replacement Therapy. Food labels on imported products. The need for GP prescription for access on use of certain medications. Conclusion Disease prevention compliments health promotion efforts. Prevention is more efficient and cost effective rather than treatment. Health promotion provides people increase knowledge and understanding of the significance of taking control over their health to improve wellness. When diseases are prevented, it results to prolonged longevity of life. There will be increase independence with care, less reliance to long-term treatment, less hospitalization which means less healthcare expenditure. By choosing to address on the underlying health determinants the health problems can be lessened. Morbidity and mortality can be minimized by modifying risk factors. There is a link between people and its environment, working together as a society has a greater impact on health. Health promotion is a shared responsibility to contribute on health changes to live a purposeful and enjoyable life for everyone. REFERENCES Whoint. (2017). World Health Organization. Retrieved25 January, 2017, from http://www.who.int/topics/health_promotion/en/ Ruralhealthinfoorg. (2017). Ruralhealthinfoorg. Retrieved 25 January, 2017, from https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/community-health/health-promotion/1/definition Iwhonca. (2017). Iwhonca. Retrieved 25 January, 2017, from https://www.iwh.on.ca/wrmb/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-prevention Afmcca. (2017). Afmcca. Retrieved 25 January, 2017, from http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1-TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/Chapter4BasicConceptsInPreventionSurveillanceAndHealthPromotion/Thestagesofprevention Uottawaca. (2017). Uottawaca. Retrieved 25 January, 2017, from https://www.med.uottawa.ca/sim/data/Prevention_e.htm Vincesalibacom. (2017). Vincesalibacom. Retrieved 25 January, 2017, from http://vincesaliba.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/02_Approaches_to_Health_Promotion.22350043.pdf Slidesharenet. (2017). Slidesharenet. Retrieved 25 January, 2017, from http://www.slideshare.net/snaptite/strategies-for-promoting-health

Professionalism Essay

Professionalism is the first thing that is being notice when you are in a workplace. Professionalism is defined as a set of characteristics and skills. Being in a medical health field, or in any business that requires interactions, professionalism is expected when working with clients. For me, aside from having a profession which is I define as a job, professionalism for me is having all the positive attributes and expertise that you can use when you are in a work environment. Clients often see your professionalism first before they open up to you, some of them will treat you the way you treat them. Being respectful and treating others equally will make client feels that they are not being put aside. Show warm and friendliness toward the client will also make them feel comfortable and at ease with this attitude clients will likely to open up to you and share their worries where you can address their worries and problems quickly. Appearance also play an important role in professionalism, having a great image will give the clients great impressions about you. When you say you work in a medical field, people will begin to think that it’s about cleanliness, with this in mind people will expect you to appear neat and clean. Your facial appearance and dress should reflect the professionalism it takes to do your job and be neat, and clean, and suitable for the workplace. Your appearances portray how professional you are, so wearing the right attire for a workplace is a must, this way clients will be more willing to work with you. Skills are also a big part of being professionals. Employee now days seek employers that have a lot of skills that can be contributed to a workplace and make the workplace works easier and workloads lesser. Aside from being able to speak English well to communicate, organizational skill is one of the skills that being look upon from one person. Having the ability to prioritize tasks, distinguishing tasks to be accomplished, and working excellently with co-worker to accomplished all the works in a work situation will reduce the work in a busy office and keeping the flow of work at a pace that is not chaos. Most work of an MOA in the office is being done in the computer. Computer skills, keyboarding skills, and having the knowledge of using the database that being used for billings and transcription will be your advantages when working in this field. Many hospitals and offices are now turning into computerized environment to reduce too much paper being put into a record. As a Medical office administrations professionals we should all have these characteristics and skills and most importantly we should do our job confidently. As long as we all have these things on us, our work as a Medical office administrator will be easier and we will be able to give our clients a better services and we can make our clients happier.